{"id":4979,"date":"2021-04-07T15:40:14","date_gmt":"2021-04-07T13:40:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nspbr.sk\/web\/?p=4979"},"modified":"2021-04-07T15:40:15","modified_gmt":"2021-04-07T13:40:15","slug":"co-by-sme-mali-vediet-o-imunite-a-diagnostike-ochorenia-covid-19","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nspbr.sk\/web\/co-by-sme-mali-vediet-o-imunite-a-diagnostike-ochorenia-covid-19\/","title":{"rendered":"\u010co by sme mali vedie\u0165 o imunite a diagnostike ochorenia COVID-19"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Ilustra\u010dn\u00fd obr\u00e1zok: zdroj BioCentury.com<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nadvia\u017eem na predch\u00e1dzaj\u00faci \u010dl\u00e1nok venovan\u00fd priebehu ochorenia COVID-19 a\u00a0jeho lie\u010dbe<\/a> a\u00a0pok\u00fasim sa odpoveda\u0165 na ot\u00e1zky, ktor\u00e9 opakovane dost\u00e1vam o\u00a0imunite a diagnostike tohto ochorenia. Problematika je s\u00edce ve\u013emi zlo\u017eit\u00e1 a\u00a0neust\u00e1le sa vyv\u00edja, no napriek tomu sa V\u00e1m objasn\u00edm z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 fakty. Na \u00favod si pripomenieme priebeh ochorenia \u2013 COVID-19 prebieha v\u00a0\u0161tyroch f\u00e1zach \u2013 inkuba\u010dn\u00e1 doba, symptomatick\u00e1 (pr\u00edznakov\u00e1) f\u00e1za, v\u010dasn\u00e1 a\u00a0neskor\u00e1 p\u013e\u00facna f\u00e1za. Posledn\u00e9 dve f\u00e1zy sa vyvin\u00fa len u\u00a0cca 20 % \u013eud\u00ed a\u00a0s\u00fa charakteristick\u00e9 \u0165a\u017ek\u00fdm priebehom v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou s\u00a0potrebou hospitaliz\u00e1cie v nemocnici.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Priebeh a diagnostika infekcie SARS-COV-2<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Imunita po prekonan\u00ed ochorenia<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Po prekonan\u00ed ochorenia vznik\u00e1 protil\u00e1tkov\u00e1 a najm\u00e4 bunkov\u00e1 imunita<\/strong>. Pod\u013ea \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed zalo\u017een\u00fdch na sledovan\u00ed \u013eud\u00ed s prekonan\u00fdm ochoren\u00edm sa zistilo, \u017ee imunita trv\u00e1 minim\u00e1lne 8 mesiacov, hovor\u00ed sa u\u017e o jednom roku<\/strong> a pravdepodobne to bude ove\u013ea viac, nako\u013eko \u0161t\u00fadie st\u00e1le prebiehaj\u00fa. Vznik opakovan\u00fdch infekci\u00ed v bud\u00facnosti z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed od r\u00fdchlosti vzniku mut\u00e1ci\u00ed koronav\u00edrusu, ktor\u00e9 bud\u00fa schopn\u00e9 unikn\u00fa\u0165 imunitnej odpovedi, ale aj imunite po o\u010dkovan\u00ed. To, \u010di mal \u010dlovek \u013eahk\u00e9 alebo \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 pr\u00edznaky COVID-19 ovplyv\u0148uje aj vzniknut\u00fa imunitu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

U \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed ochorenie prekonali \u013eahko, pr\u00edpadne nemali \u017eiadne pr\u00edznaky, nemusia by\u0165 protil\u00e1tky v krvi v\u00f4bec pr\u00edtomn\u00e9 alebo dosiahnu len n\u00edzke hladiny a aj skoro vymizn\u00fa. To neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee \u010dlovek nie je im\u00fanny. Pr\u00e1ve naopak, u t\u00fdchto \u013eud\u00ed sa vyvinula pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e1 bunkov\u00e1 imunita<\/strong>, ktor\u00e1 je pri ochrane pred opakovanou infekciou d\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ia ako protil\u00e1tkov\u00e1 imunita. Probl\u00e9mom je, \u017ee ju nevieme v laborat\u00f3riu vy\u0161etri\u0165. Tak\u00e9to \u0161pecializovan\u00e9 vy\u0161etrenia vykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa len \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00e9 v\u00fdskumn\u00e9 laborat\u00f3ri\u00e1. Bunkov\u00e1 imunita, prirodzen\u00e1 aj pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e1, je ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 pre ochranu pred v\u0161etk\u00fdmi v\u00edrusov\u00fdmi ochoreniami. Jej \u00falohou je \u00fa\u010dinne zlikvidova\u0165 v\u0161etky bunky, ktor\u00e9 boli v\u00edrusmi napadnut\u00e9, a t\u00fdm zabr\u00e1ni\u0165 \u0161\u00edreniu na \u010fal\u0161ie okolit\u00e9 zdrav\u00e9 bunky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

U \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed ochorenie COVID-19 prekonali s \u0165a\u017e\u0161\u00edmi pr\u00edznakmi, alebo boli dokonca hospitalizovan\u00ed v nemocnici, sa spravidla vytvoria protil\u00e1tky, ktor\u00e9 u\u017e dok\u00e1\u017eeme v krvi vy\u0161etri\u0165. Dokonca sa zistilo, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm \u0165a\u017e\u0161ie ochorenie prebieha, t\u00fdm s\u00fa hladiny protil\u00e1tok vy\u0161\u0161ie. Z toho vypl\u00fdva d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 zistenie, \u017ee v\u00fd\u0161ka hladiny protil\u00e1tok nezodpoved\u00e1 \u00farovni z\u00edskanej imunity. Po prekonan\u00ed ochorenia postupne hladina protil\u00e1tok kles\u00e1 r\u00f4zne dlh\u00fa dobu, ale pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e1 imunita zost\u00e1va.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diagnostika<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V r\u00f4znych f\u00e1zach ochorenia pou\u017e\u00edvame r\u00f4zne diagnostick\u00e9 met\u00f3dy. Ani jedna nie je ide\u00e1lna, pri ka\u017edej sa m\u00f4\u017eu vyskytn\u00fa\u0165 falo\u0161ne pozit\u00edvne aj falo\u0161ne negat\u00edvne v\u00fdsledky. To je hlavn\u00fd d\u00f4vod, pre\u010do diagnostika a pos\u00fadenie v\u00fdsledkov v\u017edy patr\u00ed do r\u00fak lek\u00e1ra, a pre\u010do v\u017edy mus\u00edme bra\u0165 do \u00favahy aj pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 pr\u00edznakov infekcie a \u00fadaje pacienta o kontakte s pozit\u00edvnymi osobami (tzv. epidemiologick\u00e1 anamn\u00e9za). Najbe\u017enej\u0161ie pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 vy\u0161etrovacie met\u00f3dy s\u00fa tri:<\/p>\n\n\n\n